{
  "code": "GB-ENG",
  "name": "England",
  "last_reviewed": "2026-07",
  "confidence": "high",
  "black_letter": "In England, donor non-parentage and intended-parent rules are clearest for treatment in HFEA-licensed clinics under the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act regime. Map coding reflects stronger statutory structure for married/civil-partnered clinic pathways than for single recipients or purely informal arrangements. At-home AI and NI are high legal risk relative to licensed treatment; agreements do not substitute for HFEA parentage provisions.",
  "ai_informal": "clinic_or_physician_required",
  "ni": "not_recognized",
  "physician_or_clinic_for_safe_harbor": "yes",
  "agreement_effect": "limited_or_unclear",
  "key_citations": [
    {
      "label": "HFEA (regulator)",
      "url": "https://www.hfea.gov.uk/"
    }
  ],
  "emerging_law_note": "Where public materials are thin, “Unknown” on this site means no clear published safe harbor—not that private arrangements are criminal. Further clarity often requires litigation or legislation.",
  "page": "/Pages/GB/ENG/eng.html",
  "region_group": "GB"
}